HEART ATTACK (myocardial infarction)

Heart Attack 

 ( myocardial infarction)

Heart attack is a coronary heart disease in which death of myocardial tissue due to prolonged decrease of O2 supply because of insufficient blood flow through the coronary arteries.

Others name of heart attack :- 

_ Acute myocardial infarction

_ Acute coronary syndrome

_ Acute coronary accusing

Causes / Risk factor / Etiology :-

The most common cause of heart attack is coronary thrombosis.

Other causes :-

_ obesity

_ aorta inflammation

_ cocaine addiction

_ smoking (nikottin)

_ sedentary lifestyle

_ alkohal

_ old age

_ atherosclerosis

_ less physical activity

_ family history of heart disease

_ coronary artery disease

_ hypercholesterolemia

Pathophysiology :-

Due to etiology factor (coronary artery disease)

                 ⬇️

   Decrease blood supply to the heart

                 ⬇️

     Myocardial ischemia

                 ⬇️

    Decrease cardiac output

                ⬇️

Increase O2 peripheral tissue damage of blood

               ⬇️

Stimulation sympathetic receptor

               ⬇️

Increased workload of heart

               ⬇️

   Myocardial infarction

       (Heart  Attack)

Clinical manifestation / Sign  & Symptoms :-

1. Sudden arrest chest pain, pain located in substernal region.

2. Pain is pressing and squeezing in nature

3. Pain lasts for 15 minute or more

4. Patient feel cold

5. Palpitation

6. Dysphonia

7. Weakness

8. Fatigue

9. Nausea and vomiting

10. Patient may have anxiety confusion and restlessness.

Diagnostic evaluation :-

_ urine test

_ blood test

_ ECG (electrocardiography)

_ chest X Ray

_ cardiac enzyme level

_ radionuclide imaging

Management :-

1. Medical management :- 

 O2 therapy

Analgesics :-To relief the pain 

_ morphine

_ pethidine

Calcium channel blockers :-

_ Verapamil (Calan, Verelan)

_ Nifedipine (Adalat CC, Procardia)

_ Isradipine.

_ Nicardipine.

Beta blockers drug :-

These drugs reduce blood pressure heart rate and myocardial contractility

_ Acebutolol (Sectral)

_ Atenolol (Tenormin)

Thrombolytic agent :- these drugs which are used to dissolve the thrombus.

_ urokinase

_ streptokinase

2. Surgical management :-

1. Coronary bypass surgery

2. PTCA ( percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty )

3. Coronary stand

3. Nursing management :-

_ assess the vital sign of the patient

_ nurse should we provide safe and comfortable position

_ nurse should be give prescribed medication of patient

_ nurse give psychological support of the patient

_ nurse should we provide health education

_ nurses should be maintain record and report of the patient. 

By : @ummedsaini_