PNEUMONIA TYPES, CAUSE & SYMPTOMS

Pneumonia

Introduction :-

pneumonia is the inflammation of the lungs parenchyma characterized by consolidation of the affected part.

Mostly are due to infection by bacteria, virus, fungi, bacteria like organism.

Definition :-

Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of lungs Parenchyma usually associated with in marked increase in interstitial and alveolar fluid.

Etiology :-

1. Bacterial infection -

  (A) gram positive bacteria 

       __ streptococcus pneumoniae

       __ streptococcus aureus

  (B) gram negative bacteria

       __ anaerobic bacteria

       __ human influenza

2. Viral infection -

         __ influenza virus

         __ adenovirus

         __ para-influenza virus

3. Fungal infection -

        __ candida albicans

        __ histoplasmosis

Types of pneumonia :-

Pneumonia mostly divided into 4 main types :-

 

1. Segmental pneumonia :- Only in one small segmental lobe of lungs.

2. Bilateral pneumonia :- Both side segmental logo of lungs are affected.

3. Labour pneumonia :- Complete lobe affected.

4. Broncho pneumonia :- Patchy like formation in the lungs.

Pathophysiology :-

  Due to etiological factors

                     ⬇️

Microorganism enter into the body

                       ⬇️

     Inflammation in alveoli

                       ⬇️

  Mast cell activate and release       histamine prostaglandin cytokinin

                        ⬇️

  Due to cytokinase release fluid shift         to extracellular space

                         ⬇️

          Alveoli filled with fluid

                           ⬇️

                  Consolidation

                             ⬇️

       Decrease O2 saturation in body

                             ⬇️

                       Hypoxemia

                             ⬇️

                       Pneumonia

Risk factors :-

Key of risk factors :-

A- Air pollution

B- Bed rest for long time

C- chronic lung disease

D- Diabitic mallitus

E- endotracheal intubation

F- fully day smoking

G- general anaesthesia

H- Hiv

I- immunosuppressive therapy

Other risk factors such as :-

A. Head injury e

B. Diabetes mellitus

C. General anaesthesia

D. Inhalation of chemical gases

E. Drug overdose F. Heart disease

G. Lungs disease

H. Renal disease

Sign &  Symptoms / clinical manifestation :-

_ Chills

_ Pleuritic pain

_ Cough e

_ Hemoptysis (cough with blood)

_ Fatigue

_Cyanosis (skin colour changes)

_Headache

_Low 02 saturation

_Rapid pulse

_Sweating.   etc.

Diagnostic evaluation :-

_ History collection

_ Physical examination

_ Sputum for culture and sensitive

_ Chest X-Ray

_ Bronchoscopy

_ ABG analysis

_ Montex test

Management :-

1. Medical management :-

Prevention of pneumonia by vaccination.

Antibiotics :-

_ Erythromycin

_ Cephalosporin (syrup)

_ Amikacin (drug of choice)

_ Ceftriaxone

Bronchodialators :-

_ Salbutamol (cough syrup)

_ Levo salbutamol

_ Terbutaline

Analgesics :-

_ Nimesulide

_ Paracetamol

Long acting bronchodialators :-

_ Salmeterol

_ Clenbuterol

_ Formoterol

2. Nursing management :-

_ Analgesics and antipyretics

_ Chest physiotherapy

_ Intravenous fluid if indicated

_ Oxygen supplementation

_ Positioning of the patient to         minimise aspiration risk

_ Respiratory therapy including treatment with bronchodilators

_ Sectioning and bronchial hygiene

_ Ventilation with low tidal volume in patients requiring mechanical ventilation secondary to bilateral pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome

_ Systemic support may include proper hydration, nutrition and mobilization.

By : @ummedsaini_